International Relation

International Relations (IR) (occasionally referred to as International Studies (IS)) ^[1] is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered a branch of political science (especially after 1988 UNESCO nomenclature), but an important sector of academia prefer to treat it as an interdisciplinary field of study.

Recent changes in world politics are rendering our nation-based business and public policies obsolete. The interactions of global economies and politics, coupled with ecological concerns for the planet, have given rise to new educational needs that are international in scope.

Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, international law, philosophy, geography, social work, sociology & social sciences, anthropology, psychology, women's studies/gender studies, queer studies and cultural studies / culturology. It involves a diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.

History

The history of international relations is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, where the modern state system was developed. Prior to this, the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Westphalia instituted the legal concept of sovereignty, which essentially meant that rulers, or the legitimate sovereigns, had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders. A simple way to view this is that sovereignty says, "I'm not allowed to tell you what to do and you are not allowed to tell me what to do." Classical Greek and Roman authority at times resembled the Westphalian system, but both lacked the notion of sovereignty.

Westphalia encouraged the rise of the independent nation-state, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. This particular European system was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism and the "standards of civilization". The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered "modern", many states have not incorporated the system and are termed "pre-modern".

Further, a handful of states have moved beyond the nation-state system and can be considered "post-modern". The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. "Levels of analysis" is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic nation-state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level.

What is explicitly recognized as International Relations theory was not developed until after World War I, and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the "I" and "R" in International Relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of International Relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration.

Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory. Though contemporary human rights is considerably different than the type of rights envisioned under natural law, Francisco de Vitoria, Hugo Grotius and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the twentieth century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations.

Study of IR

Initially, international relations as a distinct field of study was almost entirely British-centered. IR only emerged as a formal academic ‘discipline’ in 1918 with the founding of the first ‘chair’ (professorship) in IR - the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth, University of Wales, rapidly followed by establishment of IR at US universities and Geneva, Switzerland. from an endowment given by David Davies, became the first academic position dedicated to IR. In the early 1920s, the London School of Economics' department of International Relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker.

The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations, established in Geneva some years before. The Graduate Institute of International Studies offered one of the first Ph.D. degrees in international relations. Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1928.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations

versi B. Indonesia
Hubungan Internasional, adalah cabang dari ilmu politik, merupakan suatu studi tentang persoalan-persoalan luar negeri dan isu-isu global di antara negara-negara dalam sistem internasional, termasuk peran negara-negara, organisasi-organisasi antarpemerintah, organisasi-organisasi nonpemerintah atau lembaga swadaya masyarakat, dan perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional. Hubungan Internasional adalah suatu bidang akademis dan kebijakan publik dan dapat bersifat positif atau normatif karena berusaha menganalisis serta merumuskan kebijakan luar negeri negara-negara tertentu.

Selain ilmu politik, hubungan internasional menggunakan pelbagai bidang ilmu seperti ekonomi, sejarah, hukum, filsafat, geografi, sosiologi, antropologi, psikologi, studi-studi budaya dalam kajian-kajiannya. HI mencakup rentang isu yang luas, dari globalisasi dan dampak-dampaknya terhadap masyarakat-masyarakat dan kedaulatan negara sampai kelestrarian ekologis, proliferasi nuklir, nasionalisme, perkembangan ekonomi, terorisme, kejahatan yang terorganisasi, keselamatan umat manusia, dan hak-hak asasi manusia

Sejarah

Sejarah hubungan internasional sering dianggap berawal dari [Perdamaian Westphalia] pada [1648], ketika sistem negara modern dikembangkan. Sebelumnya, organisasi-organisasi otoritas politik abad pertengahan [Eropa] didasarkan pada tatanan hirarkis yang tidak jelas. Westphalia membentuk konsep legal tentang kedaulatan, yang pada dasarnya berarti bahwa para penguasa, atau kedaulatan-kedaulatan yang sah tidak akan mengakui pihak-pihak lain yang memiliki kedudukan yang sama secara internal dalam batas-batas kedaulatan wilayah yang sama. Otoritas Yunani dan Roma kuno kadang-kadang mirip dengan sistem Westphalia, tetapi keduanya tidak memiliki gagasan kedaulatan yang memadai. [Westphalia] mendukung bangkitnya negara-bangsa (nation-state), institusionalisasi terhadap diplomasi dan tentara. Sistem yang berasal dari Eropa ini diekspor ke Amerika, Afrika, dan Asia, lewat kolonialisme, dan “standar-standar peradaban”. Sistem internasional kontemporer akhirnya dibentuk lewat dekolonisasi selama [Perang Dingin]. Namun, sistem ini agak terlalu disederhanakan. Sementara sistem negara-bangsa dianggap “modern”, banyak negara tidak masuk ke dalam sistem tersebut dan disebut sebagai “pra-modern”.^[rujukan?] Lebih lanjut, beberapa telah melampaui sistem negara-bangsa dan dapat dianggap “pasca-modern”.^[rujukan?] Kemampuan wacana HI untuk menjelaskan hubungan-hubungan di antara jenis-jenis negara yang berbeda ini diperselisihkan. “Level-level analisis” adalah cara untuk mengamati sistem internasional, yang mencakup level individual, negara-bangsa domestik sebagai suatu unik, level internasional yang terdiri atas persoalan-persoalan transnasional dan internasional level global.

Studi Hubungan internasional

Pada mulanya, hubungan internasional sebagai bidang studi yang tersendiri hampir secara keseluruhan berkiblat ke Inggris. Pada 1919, Dewan Politik internasional dibentuk di University of Wales, Aberystwyth, lewat dukungan yang diberikan oleh David Davies, menjadi posisi akademis pertama yang didedikasikan untuk HI. Pada awal 1920-an, jurusan Hubungan Internasional dari London School of Economics didirikan atas perintah seorang pemenang Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian Phillip Noel-Baker.Pada 1927, Graduate Institute of International Studies (Institut universitaire de hautes Ã(tudes internationales), didirikan di Jenewa, Swiss; institut ini berusaha menghasilkan sekelompok personel khusus untuk Liga Bangsa-bangsa. Program HI tertua di Amerika Serikat ada di Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service yang merupakan bagian dari Georgetown Unversity. Sekolah tinggi pertama jurusan hubungan internasional yang menghasilkan lulusan bergelar sarjana adalah Fletcher Schooldi Tufts. Meskipun pelbagai sekolah tinggi yang didedikasikan untuk studi HI telah didirikan di Asia dan Amerika Selatan, HI sebagai suatu bidang ilmu tetap terutama berpusat di Eropa dan Amerika Utara.
Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_internasional

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